Additive & Micro-Dispensing

Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) & Direct-Write Micro-Dispensing Calculator

Model laser-induced shockwave flyer velocity, liquid paste droplet ejection volume, receiver gap clearance, and multi-pass dot-matrix toolpath overlap for high-viscosity conductive inks and micro-die placement.

1. Input Parameters

Pulse Laser Energy $E_p$ (µJ):

Single pulse energy at the donor interface (typical: 2 to 50 µJ).

Laser Focal Spot Radius $\omega_0$ (µm):

Gaussian $1/e^2$ beam waist radius at the dynamic release layer.

Donor Ink Film Thickness $h_f$ (µm):

Thickness of coated paste or transfer layer on the transparent quartz donor.

Donor-to-Receiver Standoff Gap $d_{gap}$ (µm):

Z-axis flight distance between donor film surface and target substrate.

Ink / Paste Dynamic Viscosity $\eta$ (mPa·s):

Droplet Hatch Pitch / Stepover Overlap (%):

Inter-dot overlap for continuous conductive trace formation.

2. Calculation Results

Peak Laser Fluence ($F_0$)

0.00 J/cm²

Ejected Droplet Dia. ($D_{drop}$)

0.0 µm

Jet Flight Velocity ($v_{jet}$)

0.0 m/s

Transfer Regime / Quality

Clean Jetting

Single Voxel Droplet Volume

0.0 pL

CAM Line Stepover Pitch

0.0 µm

3. Dynamic Visualizer & CAM Preview

4. Engineering Notes & Physics Specifications

Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) Physics & Droplet Dynamics:

Peak Fluence Formula: $F_0 = \frac{2 E_p}{\pi \omega_0^2}$. For clean forward ejection without explosive shattering (splattering regime), peak fluence must remain between the transfer threshold $F_{th} \approx 0.15 - 0.40\text{ J/cm}^2$ and the ablation/plume breakup threshold $F_{burst} > 2.5\text{ J/cm}^2$.
Donor-to-Receiver Standoff Gap: To prevent satellite droplet dispersion and aerodynamic decelerative curling, the working gap $d_{gap}$ should satisfy $d_{gap} \le 2.5 \cdot \omega_0$. Gaps $> 80\,\mu\text{m}$ produce random droplet positioning deviation.
Droplet Spreading & Voxel Solidification: Post-impact droplet spread diameter is governed by the Weber ($We$) and Reynolds ($Re$) numbers: $D_{spread} \approx D_{drop} \cdot Re^{0.2} \cdot We^{0.12}$. Continuous line vector paths require an overlap pitch $P = D_{spread} \cdot (1 - \text{Overlap}/100)$.

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